History and Evolution of Programming Languages

These diagrams show the family tree of all the “Major Programming Languages” and all those that influenced or were influenced by them.

What problem gave birth to programming languages?

Before high level programming languages existed, computers were programmed one instruction at a time using binary or hex. This was a tedious job and there were a lot of errors. Programs were difficult to read, and modification was extremely difficult because all programs had to be written using absolute addressing. Obviously, this job did not attract many people, so there was a shortage of programmers. Expensive computers sat idle for long periods of time while software was being developed. Software often cost two to four times as much as the computer. This led to the development of assemblers and assembly languages. Programming became somewhat easier, but many users still wanted floating point numbers and array indexing. Since these capabilities were not supported in hardware, high level languages had to be developed to support them.

Want to know more about these langauges?

visit: http://www.scriptol.org/encyclopedia.html

Career Options for Computer Professional

Computer jobs:
Keeping in view the current growth rate in computer industry, it is expected that by 2012, there will be a demand for over 5 million computer professionals, as per a recently concluded IDC-NASSCOM-McKinsey survey.

Computer systems analysts, database administrators, and computer scientists are expected to be among the fastest growing occupations. Employment of these computer professionals will grow much faster as organizations continue to adopt and integrate increasingly sophisticated technologies. Job increases will be driven by very rapid growth in computer system design and related services, which is projected to be one of the fastest-growing industries in the global economy.

Hiring of the Indian software professionals is on the upswing. Eight leading software players reported 47% growth in employee strength in last one year. Additionally, a number of global and Indian players have announced plans to add additional software professionals during the coming years.

Computer Opportunities:
With wide spread use of computers, computer professionals can find employment in almost any area of industrial sector and in defence & research establishments. They can work with multinationals, management consultancy firms and in areas where computer aided systems are used such as aeronautics and space science, petroleum industry and power plants. The various career options a computer professional can have are:

Systems analyst
They solve computer problems and apply computer technology to meet the individual needs of an organization.

Computer Programmer
They write, test, and maintain the programs, that computers must follow to perform their functions. They also conceive, design, and test logical structures for solving problems by computer.

Network Systems & Data Communications Analysts
They design, test, and evaluate systems such as local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), the Internet, Intranets, and other data communications systems.

Telecommunications Specialists
They focus on the interaction between computer and communications equipment.

Webmasters
They are responsible for all technical aspects of a Web site, including performance issues such as speed of access, and for approving the content of the site.

Internet developers/ Web developers/ Web designers
They are responsible for day-to-day site design and creation.

Computer Scientists
They work as researchers or inventors. The higher level of theoretical expertise and innovation they apply to complex problems and the creation or application of new technology distinguishes their jobs.

Database Administrators
They work with database management system software and determine ways to organize and store data.

Programming languages

How C programming works?
The C programming language is a popular and widely used programming language for creating computer programs. Programmers around the world embrace C because it gives maximum control and efficiency to the programmer. If you are a programmer, or if you are interested in becoming a programmer, there are a couple of benefits you gain from learning C:

visit: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/c25.htm


How Java works?
Have you ever wondered how computer programs work? Have you ever wanted to learn how to write your own computer programs? Whether you are 14 years old and hoping to learn how to write your first game, or you are 70 years old and have been curious about computer programming for 20 years, this article is for you.

visit: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/program.htm

Textbooks

dear friends,
to get a copy of any textbook from following: Neural Networks,Computer Graphics,Embedded Systems,Advanced Computer Architecturesend mail to kvbkrishnareddy@yahoo.in ,and don't forget to mention the name of textbook.

For Previous and Old Question Papers:

register with: http://www.campusexpress.co.in/

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

For other Academic/Course details click above linkAcademic Regulations 2005 for B. Tech (Regular)
(Effective for the students admitted into I year from the Academic Year 2005-2006)

1. Award of B.Tech. Degree

A student will be declared eligible for the award of the B. Tech. Degree if he fulfils the following academic regulations:
i. Pursued a course of study for not less than four academic years and not more than eight academic years.
Registered for 224 credits and secured 216 credits with compulsory subjects as listed in Table-1.

Sl No	Subject particulars
1	All the first year subjects
2	All practical subjects
3	Industry oriented mini project
4	Seminar
5	Project work

2. Students, who fail to fulfil all the academic requirements for the award of the degree within eight academic years from the year of their admission, shall forfeit their seat in B.Tech course.
3. Courses of study
The following courses of study are offered at present for specialization for the B. Tech. Course
1. Aeronautical Engineering.
2. Automobile Engineering.
3. Bio-Medical Engineering.
4. Biotechnology.
5. Chemical Engineering.
6. Civil Engineering.
7. Computer Science and Engineering.
8. Computer Science and Systems Engineering.
9. Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
10. Electronics and Communication Engineering.
11. Electronics and Computer Engineering.
12. Electronics and Control Engineering.
13. Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering.
14. Electronics and Telematics Engineering.
15. Information Technology.
16. Instrumentation and Control Engineering.
17. Mechanical Engineering (Mechatronics).
18. Mechanical Engineering (Production).
19. Mechanical Engineering.
20. Metallurgical Engineering.
21. Metallurgy and Material Technology.
and any other course as approved by the authorities of the University from time to time.

5. Distribution and Weightage of Marks

The performance of a student in each semester / I year shall be evaluated subject –wise with a maximum of 100 marks for theory and 75 marks for practical subject. In addition, Industry oriented mini-project, seminar and project work shall be evaluated for 50, 50 and 200 marks respectively.
For theory subjects the distribution shall be 20 marks for Internal Evaluation and 80 marks for the End-Examination.
For theory subjects, during the semester there shall be 4 tests, which include, 2 objective type tests each for duration of 20 minutes each and 2 subjective type tests each for duration of 90 minutes each. One objective type test and one subjective test to be conducted in 1 – 4 units and one objective type test and one subjective type test are to be conducted in 5 - 8 units of each semester. The best 3 tests will be considered for awarding 20 sessional marks. For the I year class which shall be on yearly basis, there shall be 6 tests which include, 3 objective type tests and 3 subjective type tests with the same duration and weightage for each test as mentioned above. However, the performance in the best 4 tests will be considered for awarding 20 sessional marks. The distribution of syllabus for the conduct of objective and subjective type tests in the first year shall be as follows:
1 – 2 Units one Objective type and one Subjective type test.
3 – 5 Units one Objective type and one Subjective type test.
6 – 8 Units one Objective type and one Subjective type test.
Each objective test question paper shall contain 20 objective type questions for 20 marks. Each subjective type test question paper shall contain 5 questions out of which any 3 questions need to be answered. The subjective type question paper should also be for 20 marks. Though the test pattern is different, all the tests (objective and subjective type tests) have equal weightage.
For practical subjects there shall be a continuous evaluation during the semester for 25 sessional marks and 50 end examination marks. Of the 25 marks for internal, 15 marks shall be awarded for day-to-day work and 10 marks to be awarded by conducting an internal laboratory test. The end examination shall be conducted by the teacher concerned and another member of the staff of the same department.
For the subject having design and / or drawing, (such as Engineering Graphics, Machine Drawing) and estimation, the distribution shall be 20 marks for internal evaluation (10 marks for day-to-day work and 10 marks for internal tests) and 80 marks for end examination. There shall be two internal tests in a Semester and the better of the two shall consider for the award of marks for internal tests. However in the I year class, there shall be three tests and the best two will be taken into consideration.
The Engineering Drawing Practice Lab, wherever offered is to be treated as a practical subject. Evaluation method adopted for practical subjects shall be followed here as well.
There shall be an industry-oriented mini-Project, in collaboration with an industry of their specialization, to be taken up during the vacation after III year II Semester examination. However, the mini project and its report shall be evaluated with the project work in IV year II Semester. The industry oriented mini project shall be submitted in report form and should be presented before the committee, which shall evaluate for 50 marks. The committee consists of an external examiner, head of the department, the supervisor of mini project and a senior faculty member of the department. There shall be no internal marks for industry oriented mini project.
There shall be a seminar presentation in IV year II Semester. For the seminar, the student shall collect the information on a specialized topic and prepare a technical report, showing his understanding over the topic, and submit to the department, which shall be evaluated by the Departmental committee consisting of Head of the department, seminar supervisor and a senior faculty member. The seminar report shall be evaluated for 50 marks. There shall be no external examination for seminar.
Out of a total of 200 marks for the project work, 40 marks shall be for Internal Evaluation and 160 marks for the End Semester Examination. The End Semester Examination (viva-voce) shall be conducted by the same committee appointed for industry oriented mini project. In addition the project supervisor shall also be included in the committee. The topics for industry oriented mini project, seminar and project work shall be different from each other. The evaluation of project work shall be conducted at the end of the IV year. The Internal Evaluation shall be on the basis of two seminars given by each student on the topic of his project.
Laboratory marks and the sessional marks awarded by the College are not final. They are subject to scrutiny and scaling by the University wherever felt desirable. The sessional and laboratory marks awarded by the College will be referred to a Committee. The Committee will arrive at a scaling factor and the marks will be scaled as per the scaling factor. The recommendations of the Committee are final and binding. The laboratory records and internal test papers shall be preserved in the respective departments as per the University norms and shall be produced to the Committees of the University as and when they ask for.

6. Attendance Requirements:

A student shall be eligible to appear for University examinations if acquires a minimum of 75% of attendance in aggregate of all the subjects.
Condonation of shortage of attendance in aggregate up to 10% (65% and above and below 75%) in each semester or I year may be granted by the College Academic Committee.
A student will not be promoted to the next semester unless he satisfies the attendance requirement of the present semester / I year, as applicable. They may seek re-admission for that semester / I year when offered next.
Shortage of Attendance below 65% in aggregate shall in NO case be condoned.
Students whose shortage of attendance is not condoned in any semester / I year are not eligible to take their end examination of that class and their registration shall stand cancelled.
A stipulated fee shall be payable towards condonation of shortage of attendance.




7. Minimum Academic Requirements:

The following academic requirements have to be satisfied in addition to the attendance requirements mentioned in item no.6
A student shall be deemed to have satisfied the minimum academic requirements and earned the credits allotted to each theory or practical design or drawing subject or project if he secures not less than 35% of marks in the end examination and a minimum of 40% of marks in the sum total of the internal evaluation and end examination taken together.
A student shall be promoted from II to III year only if he fulfils the academic requirement of 42 credits from one regular and one supplementary examinations of I year, and one regular examinations of II year I semester irrespective of whether the candidate takes the examination or not.
A student shall be promoted from third year to fourth year only if he fulfils the academic requirements of total 70 credits from the following examinations, whether the candidate takes the examinations or not.
Two regular and two supplementary examinations of I year.
Two regular and one supplementary examinations of II year I semester.
One regular and one supplementary examinations of II year II semester.
One regular examination of III year I semester.
iv. A student shall register and put up minimum attendance in all 224 credits and earn the 216 credits. Marks obtained in the best 216 credits shall be considered for the calculation of percentage of marks.
Students who fail to earn 216 credits as indicated in the course structure including compulsory subjects as indicated in Table-1 within eight academic years from the year of their admission shall forfeit their seat in B.Tech course and their admission shall stand cancelled.

8. Course pattern:

The entire course of study is of four academic years. The first year shall be on yearly pattern and the second, third and fourth years on semester pattern.
A student eligible to appear for the end examination in a subject, but absent at it or has failed in the end examination may appear for that subject at the supplementary examination.

9. Award of Class:

After a student has satisfied the requirements prescribed for the completion of the program and is eligible for the award of B. Tech. Degree he shall be placed in one of the following four classes:

Class Awarded	% of marks to be secured
First Class with Distinction	70% and above
First Class	Below 70% but not less than 60%
Second Class	Below 60% but not less than 50%
Pass Class	Below 50% but not less than 40%

(The marks in internal evaluation and end examination shall be shown separately in the marks memorandum)

10. Minimum Instruction Days:

The minimum instruction days for each semester / I year shall be 95/180 clear instruction days.
11. There shall be no branch transfers after the completion of admission process.

12. There shall be no place transfer within the Constituent Colleges and Units of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University.


13. General:

Where the words "he", "him", "his", occur in the regulations, they include "she", "her", "hers".
The academic regulation should be read as a whole for the purpose of any interpretation.
In the case of any doubt or ambiguity in the interpretation of the above rules, the decision of the Vice-Chancellor is final.
The University may change or amend the academic regulations or syllabi at any time and the changes or amendments made shall be applicable to all the students with effect from the dates notified by the University.
*-*-*


Academic Regulations for B. Tech. (Lateral Entry Scheme)
(Effective for the students getting admitted into II year from the Academic Year 2006-2007 and onwards)
The Students have to acquire 160 credits from II to IV year of B.Tech. Program (Regular) for the award of the degree.
Students, who fail to fulfil the requirement for the award of the degree in 6 consecutive academic years from the year of admission, shall forfeit their seat.
The same attendance regulations are to be adopted as that of B. Tech. (Regular).
4. Promotion Rule:
A student shall be promoted from third year to fourth year only if he fulfils the academic requirements of 42 credits from the examinations.
Two regular and one supplementary examinations of II year I semester.
One regular and one supplementary examinations of II year II semester.
One regular examination of III year I semester.
5. Award of Class:
After a student has satisfied the requirements prescribed for the completion of the program and is eligible for the award of B. Tech. Degree he shall be placed in one of the following four classes:

Class Awarded	% of marks to be secured
First Class with Distinction	70% and above
First Class	Below 70% but not less than 60%
Second Class	Below 60% but not less than 50%
Pass Class	Below 50% but not less than 40%

(The marks in internal evaluation and end examination shall be shown separately in the marks memorandum)
6. All other regulations as applicable for B. Tech. Four-year degree course (Regular) will hold good for B. Tech. (Lateral Entry Scheme)